Hypergeometric1F1[a,b,z]
is the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function
.
Hypergeometric1F1
Hypergeometric1F1[a,b,z]
is the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function
.
Details
- Mathematical function, suitable for both symbolic and numerical manipulation.
- The
function has the series expansion
, where
is the Pochhammer symbol. - For certain special arguments, Hypergeometric1F1 automatically evaluates to exact values.
- Hypergeometric1F1 can be evaluated to arbitrary numerical precision.
- Hypergeometric1F1 automatically threads over lists.
- Hypergeometric1F1 can be used with Interval and CenteredInterval objects. »
Examples
open all close allBasic Examples (5)
Hypergeometric1F1[1, 2, 3.0]Plot
over a subset of the reals:
Plot[Hypergeometric1F1[1, 2, x], {x, -5, 5}]Plot over a subset of the complexes:
ComplexPlot3D[Hypergeometric1F1[1, 2, z ^ 2], {z, -2 - 2I, 2 + 2I}, PlotLegends -> Automatic]Series expansion at the origin:
Series[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], {x, 0, 3}]Series expansion at Infinity:
Series[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], {x, ∞, 2}]//Normal//FullSimplifyScope (40)
Numerical Evaluation (5)
N[Hypergeometric1F1[10, 1 / 3, -1], 50]The precision of the output tracks the precision of the input:
Hypergeometric1F1[10, 1 / 3, -1.000000000000000000000000000000000000]Evaluate for complex arguments and parameters:
Hypergeometric1F1[2 + I, 2, 0.5]Evaluate Hypergeometric1F1 efficiently at high precision:
Hypergeometric1F1[1, 2, 3`500]//TimingHypergeometric1F1[1, 2, 3`50000];//TimingCompute worst-case guaranteed intervals using Interval and CenteredInterval objects:
Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, 2 / 3, Interval[{0.21, 0.22}]]Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, 2 / 3, CenteredInterval[3 / 4, 1 / 100]]Or compute average-case statistical intervals using Around:
Hypergeometric1F1[1, 1, Around[1 / 2, 0.01]]Compute the elementwise values of an array:
Hypergeometric1F1[1, 1, {{1, 0}, {0, 1}}]Or compute the matrix Hypergeometric1F1 function using MatrixFunction:
MatrixFunction[Hypergeometric1F1[1, 1, #]&, {{1, 0}, {0, 1}}]Specific Values (4)
Hypergeometric1F1 automatically evaluates to simpler functions for certain parameters:
Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, 1, x]Hypergeometric1F1[2, 1, x]Hypergeometric1F1[1, 1 / 2, x]Limiting values at infinity for some case of Hypergeometric1F1:
Limit[Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[2], x], x -> Infinity]Limit[Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[2], x], x -> I Infinity]Limit[Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, b, x], x -> Infinity]Find a value of
satisfying the equation
:
f[x_] := Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[2], x] - 2;
xzero = Solve[f[x] == 0 && 0 < x < 3.1, x][[1, 1, 2]]//QuietPlot[f[x], {x, 0, 3}, Epilog -> Style[Point[{xzero, f[xzero]}], PointSize[Large], Red]]Heun functions can be reduced to hypergeometric functions:
Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z] == HeunB[a, 0, b, -1, 0, z]Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z] == HeunC[-a, -a, b, 0, -1, z]Visualization (3)
Plot the Hypergeometric1F1 function:
Plot[{Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[2], x], Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[3], x], Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[5], x]}, {x, -4, 4}]Plot Hypergeometric1F1 as a function of its second parameter:
Plot[{Hypergeometric1F1[Sqrt[2], b, 1], Hypergeometric1F1[Sqrt[5], b, 1], Hypergeometric1F1[Sqrt[7], b, 1]}, {b, -3, 3}, IconizedObject[«PlotOptions»]]ComplexContourPlot[Re[Hypergeometric1F1[1, Sqrt[2], z]], {z, -5 - 5I, 5 + 5I}, Contours -> 24]ComplexContourPlot[Im[Hypergeometric1F1[1, Sqrt[2], z]], {z, -5 - 5I, 5 + 5I}, Contours -> 24]Function Properties (9)
Real domain of Hypergeometric1F1:
FunctionDomain[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], x]FunctionDomain[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z], z, Complexes]
is an analytic function for real values of
and
:
FunctionAnalytic[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z], z, Assumptions -> a < 0b∈Reals]//ReduceFor positive values of
, it may or may not be analytic:
FunctionAnalytic[Hypergeometric1F1[1, -1, z], z]FunctionAnalytic[Hypergeometric1F1[1, 1, z], z]Hypergeometric1F1 is neither non-decreasing nor non-increasing except for special values:
Table[FunctionMonotonicity[Hypergeometric1F1[a, 1, z], z], {a, 4}]FunctionInjective[Hypergeometric1F1[Sqrt[3], Sqrt[2], z], z]Plot[{Hypergeometric1F1[Sqrt[3], Sqrt[2], z], -0.01}, {z, -10, -2}]FunctionSurjective[{Hypergeometric1F1[1, 2, z]}, z]Plot[{Hypergeometric1F1[1, 2, z], -2}, {z, -5, 5}]Hypergeometric1F1 is non-negative for specific values:
FunctionSign[Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, 1 / 2, z], z]Plot[Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, 1 / 2, z], {z, -2, 5}]
is neither non-negative nor non-positive:
FunctionSign[Hypergeometric1F1[Sqrt[3], Sqrt[2], z], z]
has both singularity and discontinuity when
is a negative integer:
FunctionSingularities[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z], {a, b, z}]FunctionDiscontinuities[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z], {a, b, z}]FunctionConvexity[Hypergeometric1F1[-2, 1, z], z]
is neither convex nor concave:
FunctionConvexity[Hypergeometric1F1[2, 1, z], z]TraditionalForm formatting:
Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z]//TraditionalFormDifferentiation (3)
D[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], x]derivs = Table[D[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], {x, n}], {n, 1, 3}]//FullSimplifyPlot higher derivatives for
and
:
Plot[Evaluate[derivs /. {a -> 1 / 2, b -> Sqrt[2]}], {x, -3, 3}, PlotLegends -> {"First Derivative", "Second Derivative", "Third Derivative"}]D[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], {x, n}]Integration (3)
Apply Integrate to Hypergeometric1F1:
Integrate[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], x]//FullSimplifyDefinite integral of Hypergeometric1F1:
Integrate[Hypergeometric1F1[1, Sqrt[2], x], {x, 0, 1}]Integrate[t ^ (α - 1)Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, -t], {t, 0, Infinity}, Assumptions -> 0 < Re[α] < Re[a]]Integrate[Exp[-x]Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], x]//FullSimplifySeries Expansions (4)
Taylor expansion for Hypergeometric1F1:
Series[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], {x, 0, 4}]Plot the first three approximations for
around
:
terms = Normal@Table[Series[Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[2], x], {x, 0, m}], {m, 1, 3}];
Plot[{Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 2, Sqrt[2], x], terms}, {x, -3, 3}]General term in the series expansion of Hypergeometric1F1:
SeriesCoefficient[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], {x, 0, n}]Expand Hypergeometric1F1 in a series around infinity:
Series[Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 3, 2 / 3, z], {z, Infinity, 2}]Apply Hypergeometric1F1 to a power series:
Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 7, 3 / 7, Log[1 + z] + O[z] ^ 5]Integral Transforms (2)
Compute the Laplace transform using LaplaceTransform:
LaplaceTransform[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, -t], t, s]HankelTransform[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, -r], r, s ]//FullSimplifyFunction Identities and Simplifications (3)
Exp[z]Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, -z]//FullSimplifySum of the Hypergeometric1F1 functions:
Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z] + (Gamma[a - b + 1]Gamma[b - 1]/Gamma[a]Gamma[1 - b])z^1 - b Hypergeometric1F1[a - b + 1, 2 - b, z]//FullSimplifyHypergeometric1F1[a, b, z] == (2 + 2 a - b + z/1 + a - b)Hypergeometric1F1[1 + a, b, z] - (a + 1/1 + a - b) Hypergeometric1F1[2 + a, b, z]//FullSimplifyFunction Representations (4)
Underoverscript[∑, k = 0, ∞](Pochhammer[a, k]z^k/ Pochhammer[b, k]k!)Relation to the LaguerreL polynomial:
Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, z] == (Gamma[1 - a]Gamma[b]/Gamma[b - a])LaguerreL[-a, b - 1, z]//FullSimplifyHypergeometric1F1 can be represented as a DifferentialRoot:
DifferentialRootReduce[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], x]Hypergeometric1F1 can be represented in terms of MeijerG:
MeijerGReduce[Hypergeometric1F1[a, b, x], x]Activate[%]//FullSimplifyGeneralizations & Extensions (1)
Apply Hypergeometric1F1 to a power series:
Hypergeometric1F1[1 / 7, 3 / 7, Log[1 + z] + O[z] ^ 5]Applications (3)
Hydrogen atom radial wave function for continuous spectrum:
ψ[ℰ_, l_, r_] := With[{k = Sqrt[ℰ]}, Exp[-I k r]r ^ l Hypergeometric1F1[I / k + (1 + l), 2 + 2 l, 2 I r k]]Compute the energy eigenvalue from the differential equation:
-((D[#, r, r]/#) + (2/r #)D[#, r] - (l(l + 1)/r^2) + (2/r))&[ψ[ℰ, l, r]]//FullSimplifyClosed form for Padé approximation of Exp to any order:
Table[(Hypergeometric1F1[-i, -i - j, z]/Hypergeometric1F1[-j, -i - j, -z]), {i, 2}, {j, 2}]Compare with explicit approximants:
Table[PadeApproximant[Exp[z], {z, 0, {i, j}}], {i, 2}, {j, 2}]Solve a differential equation:
DSolve[f''[r] + ((1/r) - 2r)f'[r] + (1 - (4/r^2))f[r] == 0, f[r], r]Properties & Relations (2)
Integrate may give results involving Hypergeometric1F1:
Integrate[t^a (Exp[-t]/Sqrt[1 + t]), {t, 0, Infinity}, Assumptions -> a > 0]Use FunctionExpand to convert confluent hypergeometric functions:
WhittakerM[m, k, x]//FunctionExpandTech Notes
Related Guides
Related Links
History
Introduced in 1988 (1.0) | Updated in 2021 (13.0) ▪ 2022 (13.1)
Text
Wolfram Research (1988), Hypergeometric1F1, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Hypergeometric1F1.html (updated 2022).
CMS
Wolfram Language. 1988. "Hypergeometric1F1." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2022. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Hypergeometric1F1.html.
APA
Wolfram Language. (1988). Hypergeometric1F1. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Hypergeometric1F1.html
BibTeX
@misc{reference.wolfram_2026_hypergeometric1f1, author="Wolfram Research", title="{Hypergeometric1F1}", year="2022", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Hypergeometric1F1.html}", note=[Accessed: 13-June-2026]}
BibLaTeX
@online{reference.wolfram_2026_hypergeometric1f1, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={Hypergeometric1F1}, year={2022}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Hypergeometric1F1.html}, note=[Accessed: 13-June-2026]}